In this analysis, conducted with Global Espreso, we centered on pro-Russian online media outlets in Slovakia, relying on our studies of websites disseminating Kremlin propaganda and disinformation throughout Europe.
In this research, we have identified the primary themes of several Slovak media outlets that promote a pro-Russian agenda and denigrate the EU and Ukraine.
We have found 19 biased outlets that disseminate Kremlin propaganda in the West, obtain references from Russian official media, and quote them, including websites that have been sanctioned in the EU.
These news websites support the Russian narrative on the war in Ukraine, spread anti-Ukrainian sentiments, and condemn Western democratic institutions (such as the US, NATO, and the EU). A few of them disseminated pro-Kremlin disinformation and posted obvious fakes.
In this post, we highlight instances of Kremlin propaganda, biased reporting, and disinformation from the top nine websites on the following list:
- infovojna.bz
- hlavnydennik.sk
- slovanskenoviny.sk
- oral.sk
- tvotv.sk
- slovakia.news-pravda.com
- iv.dolezite.sk
- armadnymagazin.sk
- dennikvv.sk
A content analysis of the articles on the top nine pro-Russian Slovak websites shows that they contain storylines consistent with Kremlin propaganda and Russia’s hybrid anti-European information attacks. Analysis of citations has revealed numerous and/or significant connections to Russian propaganda websites, such as Sputnik, Russia Today, Ria, Pravda, and News-Front.
The interactive infographics below show how semantic analysis, similar content verification, and link analysis across the websites helped us find a network that was linked by pro-Russian stories and issues that were related, as well as by referral traffic and citations that went both ways.
Infovojna.bz
Infovojna.bz is a media portal that presents itself as an alternative news source, but its content consistently exhibits the features of disinformation, pro-Kremlin propaganda, and conspiracy theories.
The site infovojna.bz has the highest traffic among Slovak websites that we’ve identified as spreading Russian propaganda. According to monthly traffic data (from SimilarWeb), it receives around 6 million views each month on average.
After Russia started the full-scale war in Ukraine, Infovojna was blocked, but this biased outlet moved its website and all the content to a new domain name, from Slovakia (.sk) to Belize (.bz).
Infovojna likes quoting or reposting information from sanctioned Russian propaganda outlets, such as RT (over 28 thousand links), New-Front (over 20 thousand links), Sputnik, and Ria-Novosti. It also uses propaganda techniques on images, uniting, in a single picture, Ukraine’s president Zelenskyy, Ukrainian Azov soldiers, and Hitler.
In these materials, Infovojna.bz accuses the West of escalating the war, justifies Russia’s crimes, promotes the Kremlin’s narrative of “denazification” in Ukraine, accuses Ukraine of Nazism, and discredits its military. The site also pushes the narrative about the negative consequences of supporting Ukraine for Western countries, and accuses the West of Russophobia.
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/nemecke-media-maju-na-prikaz-scholzovej-vlady-zakaz-zobrazovat-dokazy-o-nacistickych-symboloch-na-ukrajine
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/pepe-escobar-tragedie-v-syrii-a-nova-valka-vsech-zemi
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/jak-byl-zapad-porazen
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/specialna-operacia-sa-zmenila-rusko-je-uz-na-ukrajine-vo-vojnovom-stave-dovodom-je-ucast-zapadu-v-tomto-konflikte-oznamil-hovorca-kremla-dmitrij-peskov
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/fico-poburil-zelenskeho-rezim-ked-svetu-pripomenul-ze-priviera-oci-nad-tym-ako-po-ukrajine-pobehuju-jednotky-s-nacistickymi-symbolmi
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-v-nemecku-sa-zacal-nevidany-obrovsky-protest-farmarov-proti-proukrajinskej-a-proamerickej-scholzovej-vlad
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-vladimir-putin-navstivil-kursku-oblast-prvykrat-od-vpadu-ukrajinskych-vojakov
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/kremel-prislubil-odvetnu-reakciu-ruskej-armady-na-najnovsi-utok-americkymi-dalekonosnymi-rakteami-atacms-na-uzemie-ruska-cielom-ma-byt-zariadenie-ktore-ma-pre-kyjev-mimoriadny-strategicky-vyznam
Infovojna.bz spreads conspiracy theories and discredits the EU’s environmental policies, claiming that a “globalist hydra” is allegedly planning a controlled famine in Europe.
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-agroblokada-evropy
The site uses Putin’s terminology, talking about the decay of the West and demonizing it.
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/vstup-evropskych-zemi-do-brics-zacina-srbskem-cina-pozve-srbsko-ke-vstupu-do-brics
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-sergej-lavrov-oznacil-americku-totalitu-za-najcistejsiu-podobu-totalitneho-rezimu
Infovojna.bz also supports Russia’s terms for peace talks in its materials.
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-vladimir-putin-vyjadril-podporu-americkemu-navrhu-na-primeri-na-ukrajine-ale-nejprve-je-potreba-s-americkymi-partnery-doladit-technicke-detaily-a-kontrolni-mechanismy
Hlavnydennik.sk
Hlavnydennik.sk publishes news on Slovakia, the EU, and international politics, with extensive use of Kremlin propaganda terms, fake news, and disinformation.
Hlavnydennik posted fake news, such as Zelenskyy buying luxury villas in Egypt, the West plotting to assassinate Zelenskyy, Neo-Nazi rule in Ukraine, and a conspiracy about the West and Ukraine behind the deadly extremist attack in Moscow. It also writes about “the occupied protectorate for the German Third Reich,” quoting Zakharova, and about a “Neo-Nazi regime” and “junta in Kyiv.”
It shared a fake about US biolabs producing bioweapons in Ukraine. It blames the West for the war started by Russia, claiming that “the West is eager to attack Russian cities.” It quotes Russian war bloggers and cites Russian propaganda media thousands of times (RT, News-Front, Sputnik).
This website regularly quotes banned Russian propaganda outlets and others that have been exposed for spreading disinformation in Europe but have not yet been blocked, such as tass.com, rt.com, sputniknews.com, and cz24.news (often using multiple links to these in a single article).
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/index.php/2022/11/27/jane-kaufman-len-pre-silne-povahy-ukrajinsky-problem-rusko-nato-a-usa
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/index.php/2024/03/26/rusky-spymaster-za-moskovskym-masakrom-stoja-usa-a-spojene-kralovstvo
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/index.php/2023/01/13/jane-kaufman-ti-ktori-na-ukrajine-vladnu-a-co-su-zac-pozadie-za-oponou-o-ktorom-media-nepisu
Hlavnydennik.sk glorifies Putin and supports the aggression against Ukraine. In particular, it writes that “the Russian president is doubling down on his crusade against American hegemony.
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/index.php/2022/02/18/paul-robinson-putin-varoval-zapad-ale-zapad-nepocuval
Hlavnydennik.sk uses Kremlin propaganda terms in its news about Ukraine, such as “Kiev regime,” “the neo-Nazi junta,” and “its NATO rulers.”
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/2025/03/07/sho-informuje-na-pomoc-ruskym-civilistom-mame-k-dispozicii-uz-vyse-800-tisic
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/index.php/2023/12/28/patral-po-zelenskeho-zlocinoch-zabili-ho
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/2023/04/17/zacharovova-o-ceskych-zbrojovkach-ako-za-protektoratu
Hlavnydennik.sk spreads manipulation, such as in this article with the headline “Ukrainians drink the blood of Poles. The video is worth watching (VIDEO).”
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/2025/03/06/ukrajinci-piju-poliakom-krv-video-stoji-za-pozretie-video
The site has also been exposed for demonizing the West, for example, by using phrases like “sick Leyen” to refer to Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission.
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/2025/03/06/podla-chorej-leyenovej-sa-mier-da-presadit-iba-vojnou
- https://www.hlavnydennik.sk/2025/03/06/summit-militantnych-blaznov-v-londyne
Hlavnydennik.sk is also frequently cited by Russian propaganda sources in materials that actively demonize the West.
- https://news-front.su/2023/11/12/hlavny-dennik-biologicheskoe-oruzhie-v-amerikanskih-laboratorijah-ugrozhaet-miru/
- https://inosmi.ru/20231221/ukraina-267187762.html
- https://inosmi.ru/20240329/nato-268438733.html
Slovanskenoviny.sk
Slovanskenoviny.sk publishes news in seven languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, English, German, and French.
The website frequently quotes banned Russian propaganda outlets (RT, Sputnik, Ria, News-Front) and others that have been exposed for spreading disinformation but have not yet been blocked, such as hlavnydennik.sk, cz24.news, reseauinternational.net, and anti-spiegel.ru.
The news that slovanskenoviny.sk republishes from the websites mentioned above usually includes blatant falsehoods, such as claims about Denmark allegedly stealing “secret Soviet documents.”
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/dalsi-pokus-o-majdan-v-srbsku-podla-vucica-bola-na-zvrhnutie-vlady-vyclenena-1-miliarda-dolarov-zo-zahranicia-srbske-urady-popieraju-ze-v-belehrade-bola-na-protivladnych-protestoch-pouzita-proti-de/
This outlet utilizes Putin’s terminology (“DPR”) and disseminates Russian propaganda regarding the start of the occupation of the Dnipropetrovsk region in Ukraine. It cites the banned website Ria.ru.
“The Ministry of Defense announced the liberation of Dniproenergia on March 12. This village is located north of Velyka Novoselka, at the intersection of the borders of the Russian regions—Zaporizhia Oblast and the DPR—with the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast of Ukraine.”
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/ruska-armada-uspesne-cisti-dnepropetrovsku-oblast/
- https://ria.ru/20250314/svo-2004915520.html
It employs the Kremlin’s term for the war (“SVO”) and justification of the Russian war, shifting responsibility to NATO and the USA.
“The Special Military Operation (SMO) was the culmination of the contradictions between Russia and the West, which manifested itself in the unwillingness of Washington and NATO to take into account Moscow’s security interests. The Kremlin had long tried to resolve the situation peacefully, but Western countries were unwilling to compromise. During the SMO, Russia underwent enormous changes.”
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/specialna-vojenska-operacia-otvorila-novu-etapu-v-dejinach-ruska-tuzba-opustit-krajinu-je-na-historickom-minime/
It posted Russian fakes about “three weeks until Kyiv surrenders” and “Zelenskyy’s stolen money in France.” It referenced the propaganda sources cz24.news and hlavnydennik.sk.
“MEP Mika Aaltola unexpectedly announced that Kiev had been given three weeks to surrender. It is also reported that Trump had given the EU three weeks to resolve the issue. Rumors that the Ukrainian leader’s family would move there were not without reason. The fact is that almost all of Zelenskyy’s money is hidden there.”
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/kapitulacia-o-tri-tyzdne/
- https://cz24.news/kyjev-dostal-ultimatum-tri-tydny-na-kapitulaci-ceka-ho-totalni-porazka-predmosti-je-na-pokraji-zhrouceni/
It posted Russian fakes and narratives about corruption in Ukraine and accusations of the West (Rothschilds and Rockefellers) having a “financial interest in continuing the war in Ukraine.” And it referred to the pro-Kremlin propaganda website anti-spiegel.ru.
“A powerful banker explained what he believes is the crux of the Ukrainian war: Western tax money, which is actually intended for reconstruction, should be redirected to the accounts of Ukrainian oligarchs. The interview suggests that there is a power struggle going on between European oligarchs and American oligarchs like the Rockefellers.”
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/rusti-vtipalci-tentokrat-zavolali-rothschildovi-a-ten-mluvil-o-tom-jak-se-vydelava-na-valce-na-ukrajine/
- https://www.anti-spiegel.ru/2023/die-russischen-pranker-sprechen-als-selensky-mit-alexander-rothschild/
It demonizes Ukraine in the Kremlin propaganda style (“neo-Nazis, the Kiev junta, and the regime”) and the fake about Michael McFaul’s involvement in the development of the Kursk operation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. To support these fakes, it links to the banned pravda-en.com.
“The Atlantic Council and former ambassadors noted that two scenarios were expected. The first was the final opening of negotiations for the neo-Nazi junta to join NATO, and the second was a “decisive breakthrough” by its forces, presumably referring to what later became known as the Kursk Offensive.”
- https://pravda-en.com/world/2024/10/03/772188.html
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/podielal-sa-byvaly-velvyslanec-usa-v-rusku-na-planovani-vpadu-do-kurska/
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/rabovanie-ukrajinskeho-bohatstva/
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/ruska-armada-uspesne-cisti-dnepropetrovsku-oblast/
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/specialna-vojenska-operacia-otvorila-novu-etapu-v-dejinach-ruska-tuzba-opustit-krajinu-je-na-historickom-minime/
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/kapitulacia-o-tri-tyzdne/
- https://cz24.news/kyjev-dostal-ultimatum-tri-tydny-na-kapitulaci-ceka-ho-totalni-porazka-predmosti-je-na-pokraji-zhrouceni/
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/rusti-vtipalci-tentokrat-zavolali-rothschildovi-a-ten-mluvil-o-tom-jak-se-vydelava-na-valce-na-ukrajine/
- https://www.anti-spiegel.ru/2023/die-russischen-pranker-sprechen-als-selensky-mit-alexander-rothschild/
Oral.sk
Oral.sk claims to be an “uncensored news agency” as a way to justify using Kremlin propaganda terms and spreading narratives about the imminent defeat of the Ukrainian army and the downfall of the West. This propaganda website frequently cites banned in Europe Russian websites like Sputnik, RT, News-Front, and Ria.
It called the Ukrainian Army “Wehrmacht,” “Briefly about the situation on the Kursk Front from the perspective of the Ukrainian Wehrmacht,” and quoted the Russian propaganda website News-Front.
“While Kiev pretends to have the situation under control, Russian troops are already conducting an offensive near the villages of Novenkoye and Zhuravka in the Sumy region. If the pace of the advance continues, the Ukrainian armed forces risk losing not only their group in the Kursk region but also key positions in the border areas.”
- http://oral.sk/kratko-o-situacii-na-kurskom-fronte-z-pohladu-ukrowehrmachtu/
- https://sk.news-front.su/2025/03/06/kratko-o-situacii-na-kurskom-fronte-z-pohladu-ukrowehrmachtu/
Mocking and labeling President Zelensky as “dictator” is a usual editorial policy of this outlet.
“Ukraine is ready to sit down at the negotiating table as soon as possible,” declared the helpless Ukrainian dictator Zelensky, who has been trying to outwardly repent since the weekend, constantly thanking the Americans for their help and constantly repeating that no one wants peace more than Ukrainians.”
- https://oral.sk/ukrajina-je-pripravena-co-najskor-zasadnut-za-rokovaci-stol-vyhlasil-bezradny/
We have also observed the use of Kremlin propaganda terms and the glorification of Russian aggression in its articles.
“MEP Kaliňák said out loud what a large part of Slovakia and anti-fascist-minded people think— that if the Russians got to Uzhhorod, Slovakia would finally have a reliable partner. The Banderistan embassy responded that the chief advisor to the Slovak Prime Minister openly stands on the side of the aggressor. Zelenskyy’s side of the Bander regime was also supported by President Pellegrini, who at every possible opportunity supports the legacy of the SNP, in which partisans also fought against Banderites.”
- http://oral.sk/video-europoslanec-kalinak-povedal-nahlas-co-si-mysli-velka-cast-slovenska-a-p/
It spread fake news blaming the West and Ukraine for the attack at the Chernobyl Power Plant Sarcophagus, the denial of the Bucha massacre, the attacks on the Zaporozhye nuclear power plant, or the destruction of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power plant. It consistently blames Ukraine and the West and cites the Russian propaganda sources.
“The attack on the sarcophagus of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was organized by Ukraine to disrupt peace talks. The tactics of the “hawks” are familiar: Bucha, attacks on the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant, or the destruction of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power plant. Each time, accusations from Russia followed immediately after political changes that suggested the possibility of negotiations.”
- https://oral.sk/utok-na-sarkofag-jadrovej-elektrarne-v-cernobyle-zorganizovala-ukrajina-s-cielom-narusit-mierove-rozhovory/
It frequently cites articles written by sanctioned Russian outlets, supporting the Kremlin-led campaign targeting Zelenskyy’s legitimacy.
“The Russian president correctly stated that Zelenskyy is not actually the president and cannot sign any agreement on behalf of Ukraine—although Putin is willing to talk to Zelenskyy to reach an agreement.”
- https://oral.sk/trump-bizarne-tvrdil-ze-rusko-sa-nici-tu-je-mozny-dovod-preco/
- https://sputnikglobe.com/20250128/putin-russia-ready-to-pick-negotiators-for-direct-talks-with-zelensky-if-hes-ready-1121515700.html
The demonization of the West and conspiracy theories in its publications typically coincide with references to Russian propaganda sources.
“USAID has given billions of dollars to Gates, Soros, and WEF initiatives. One of the most significant cases occurred in 2003-2004, when Soros’ International Renaissance Foundation, in cooperation with USAID, supported the Ukrainian Orange Revolution, Sputnik notes.”
- https://oral.sk/usaid-poskytla-gatesovi-sorosovi-a-iniciativam-wef-miliardy-dolaru/
- https://sputnikglobe.com/20250203/usaid-soros-secret-cash-cow-1121534067.html
“The collective suicide of Europe will reach a paroxysm—from the complete corrosion of the social, industrial, and cultural model. The catalog of ailments includes full-blown dementia in Brussels; no more cheap energy; accelerated deindustrialization; economies in free fall; non-repayable debts—public and private; and last but not least, in the so-called democracy of the NATO state, the utter contempt of the NATO-EU “leadership” by the average European citizen/taxpayer when it comes to enforcing severe cuts in social services in favor of increased armaments.”
- https://oral.sk/pepe-escobar-rise-chaosu-restartovana-p9-sklad-preklady-atd/
- https://sputnikglobe.com/20240705/pepe-escobar-why-the-sco-summit-in-kazakhstan-was-a-game-changer-1119251048.html
“Meanwhile, according to Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov, “If the manipulators of the Kiev regime, its puppeteers, realize that there is no alternative to the solution outlined by President Putin at the meeting with the Foreign Ministry leadership on June 14, adapted to the developments on the ground that have occurred since then, if they see that there is no alternative, then of course it is possible to negotiate a solution.” The choice before them is quite simple, binary—either they accept what Putin has proposed, or they stay where they are now, with the prospect of further deterioration of the situation for them.”
- https://oral.sk/john-helmer-sef-jcs-general-charles-brown-prave-dokazal-ze-s-usa-nelze-vyjednavat-o-nicem-jinem-nez-o-kapitulaci-ukrajiny-to-znamena-kapitulace-ne-vyjednavani-p9-skla/
- https://sputnikglobe.com/20241128/ukraine-talks-possible-if-west-accepts-putins-peace-terms—russian-deputy-fm-1121026884.html
- https://oral.sk/trump-bizarne-tvrdil-ze-rusko-sa-nici-tu-je-mozny-dovod-preco/
- https://oral.sk/usaid-poskytla-gatesovi-sorosovi-a-iniciativam-wef-miliardy-dolaru/
- https://oral.sk/pepe-escobar-rise-chaosu-restartovana-p9-sklad-preklady-atd/
- https://oral.sk/john-helmer-sef-jcs-general-charles-brown-prave-dokazal-ze-s-usa-nelze-vyjednavat-o-nicem-jinem-nez-o-kapitulaci-ukrajiny-to-znamena-kapitulace-ne-vyjednavani-p9-skla/
- https://oral.sk/nato-planuje-revizi-sve-strategie-vuci-rusku-tadesco-org/
In its materials, Oral.sk actively uses Kremlin propaganda terms like “Ukrainian Wehrmacht,”’ “Ukrainian dictator Zelensky,” “Banderistan embassy,” “Zelensky’s Bander regime,” and “special military operation.”
- http://oral.sk/kratko-o-situacii-na-kurskom-fronte-z-pohladu-ukrowehrmachtu/
- http://oral.sk/video-europoslanec-kalinak-povedal-nahlas-co-si-mysli-velka-cast-slovenska-a-p/
Moreover, it disseminated disinformation and demonization of Ukraine and the West, quoting not only sanctioned Russian propaganda websites but also Russian intelligence and a conspiracy-theory website, Infowars.com, claiming Ukraine’s false flag attack conspiracy.
“Putin warns that Ukraine is planning false-flag operations to trigger World War III. Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned that Ukraine is planning a series of false flag attacks that will be blamed on Moscow and drag NATO into World War III.”
“SVR stated that Kyiv plans to use Russian-made sea mines to stage the explosion of a foreign vessel in the Baltic Sea. The alleged goal is to place the blame on Moscow and force NATO to limit Russia’s access to the Baltic Sea under the pretext of ensuring maritime security,” RT declared”.
“Infowars.com reports: Ukraine is reportedly looking for foreign mercenaries to carry out false-flag terrorist attacks.”
- https://oral.sk/putin-varuje-ze-ukrajina-planuje-falesne-vlajky-aby-vyvolala-treti-svetovou-valku/
- https://www.rt.com/news/612515-ukraine-provocations-nato-russia-war/
- https://www.infowars.com/posts/russia-believes-ukraine-planning-false-flags-to-draw-nato-into-war
Its journalistic standards are defined by the citation of well-known fake experts and pro-Kremlin propagandists (Scott Ritter), the usage of Russian war terminology, and the citation of sanctioned Russian propaganda websites.
“Geopolitical analyst Scott Ritter believes his home was searched by the FBI yesterday because he is a peace advocate. “There is no doubt that I am being targeted because I have tried to improve relations between the United States and Russia,” Ritter said during an impromptu press conference outside his home in New York state.”
- https://oral.sk/fbi-vykonala-razie-v-dome-geopolitickeho-analytika-ktory-kritizuje-zahranicnu-politiku-usa-na-ukrajine-a-v-izraeli/
Oral.sk demonizes the West, for example, by referring to Macron as “the little Rothschild boy with the Napoleon complex” or using terms like “Ukrainian puppets.”
- https://oral.sk/je-pokus-o-atentat-na-antiglobalistickeho-slovenskeho-premiera-varovanim-pred-buducimi-udalostami/
- https://oral.sk/nebezpecne-leto/
- https://oral.sk/putin-varuje-ze-ukrajina-planuje-falesne-vlajky-aby-vyvolala-treti-svetovou-valku/
- https://oral.sk/zapad-hral-na-ukrajine-ruskou-ruletu-a-prohral-infokuryr/
The site also spreads fakes, such as claiming that “Satanic Zionists are ethnically cleansing Christians in Ukraine”. It silenced the fact that there are many Christian churches in Ukraine, and the legal actions against the Moscow-linked church were motivated by the collaboration of its representatives with the aggressor in the ongoing war.
“According to Russian President Vladimir Putin, Christians in Ukraine are being ethnically cleansed by “devilish Satanists.” The largest Christian church in Ukraine is under attack because the country is ruled by a Satanist sect, Putin warned.”
- https://oral.sk/putin-satansti-sioniste-etnicky-cisti-krestany-na-ukrajine/
Its favorite topic is the demonization of Ukraine and its leadership, as well as the Kremlin-style falsehood that the West is using Ukraine as a puppet in a proxy war, which aligns with the Kremlin’s objectives in Europe.
“By attacking Kursk, the Kiev junta signed its death warrant. The goals and objectives of the special military operation in our country are perceived by the vast majority of citizens not only as self-evident but also as their own. Any attempts by the Kiev junta to transfer combat actions to Russian territory will only cause a new surge of patriotic sentiments.”
- https://oral.sk/utokom-na-kursk-si-kyjevska-chunta-podpisala-rozsudok-smrti/
- https://inosmi.ru/20240809/kursk-269773527.html
“The Western patrons of the Kiev junta perfectly understand that the cause of failures and tragedies is personified. He has a specific name and surname: Vladimir Zelensky. Therefore, it is quite natural that after freezing financial assistance for 90 days, America began to think about “freezing” the Kiev leader. He is the main obstacle to a peace agreement.
- https://oral.sk/kedy-a-ako-bude-zelenskij-odstraneny/
- https://inosmi.ru/20250205/ukraina-271721717.html
“It is necessary to draw serious lessons from what happened and fulfill what the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Valery Gerasimov, promised the Supreme Commander-in-Chief—to mercilessly defeat and destroy the enemy. At stake is no longer just an operation to return our official territories and punish the Nazis… There should be no restrictions in terms of certain recognized borders of the Ukroreich; the terrorist operations of the Banderaists should remove any taboos from this topic,” Dmitry Medvedev wrote , expressing the position of the overwhelming majority of Russians.”
- https://oral.sk/utokom-na-kursk-si-kyjevska-chunta-podpisala-rozsudok-smrti/
- https://crimea.ria.ru/20240808/medvedev-prizval-k-vozmezdiyu-za-kurskuyu-oblast-1139446692.html
Last but not least in this list is a fake story about “NATO officers being surrounded in the Kursk region.”
“According to information from the underground, there are about 30 NATO officers in the encirclement in the Kursk region who were responsible for commanding the troops on the ground, as well as receiving intelligence data from NATO satellites and coordinating strikes deep into Russian territory,” Lebedev said”.
- https://oral.sk/v-kurskej-oblasti-su-obkluceni-dostojnici-nato/
- https://ria.ru/20250316/okruzhenie-2005316102.html
Tvotv.sk
Slovak TvoTV media platform consists of a news website, YouTube channel, and Telegram channels under the same name. The website Tvotv.sk regularly quotes sanctioned Russian propaganda websites, such as Sputnik, Ria, and RT.
In these articles, tvotv.sk attempts to shift the blame for Russia’s aggression against Ukraine onto the West. These materials also contain blatant falsehoods, such as the claim that Ukraine killed Alexey Navalny.
- https://www.tvotv.sk/sabotaz-a-eliminacia-africkych-vodcov-britska-spravodajska-sluzba-mi6-mala-pripravit-sabotaznu-trestnu-jednotku-ukrajinskych-militantov/
- https://www.tvotv.sk/blinken-priznal-pat-mesiacov-pred-ruskym-utokom-sme-potichu-poslali-vela-zbrani-na-ukrajinu/
- https://www.tvotv.sk/blinken-priznal-pat-mesiacov-pred-ruskym-utokom-sme-potichu-poslali-vela-zbrani-na-ukrajinu/
- https://www.tvotv.sk/sused-ukrajiny-posiela-na-hranicu-tretinu-armady-stiahnutie-vojsk-by-sa-rovnalo-smrti/
- https://www.tvotv.sk/tucker-carlson-na-rozhovore-s-lexom-fridmanom-za-navalneho-smrtou-moze-byt-ukrajina-zabili-dariu-duginu-je-to-mozne/
Additionally, the website Tvotv.sk quotes the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, Russian officials, and uses this to spread claims about the presence of “nazis” in the Ukrainian Armed Forces, and stating that Ukraine is planning “terrorist attacks” against foreign government officials in Europe.
- https://www.tvotv.sk/spinave-tajomstvo-nemecka-mediam-nariadene-zakryt-nacisticky-problem-ukrajiny/
- https://www.tvotv.sk/kyjev-zvazuje-scenar-teroristickych-utokov-proti-ruskym-diplomatickym-uradom-v-europskych-krajinach/
- https://www.tvotv.sk/nikolaj-patrushev-je-mozne-ze-ukrajina-tento-rok-uplne-prestane-existovat/
The website Tvotv.sk openly attempts to discredit European countries and government officials, like in an article titled Snow White, Ursula, the Seven Dwarfs, and Prince Trump.
- https://www.tvotv.sk/snehulienka-ursula-sedem-trpaslikov-a-princ-trump/
The YouTube channel of Tvotv is used to post statements from Russian officials, which are taken from the previously mentioned propaganda outlets and dubbed in Slovak.
Slovakia.news-pravda.com
Slovakia.news-pravda.com is part of the Russian disinformation network “Pravda,” sharing the same interface and promoting similar Russian narratives in different languages across various European countries.
Like other sites in the “Pravda” network, Slovakia.news-pravda.com frequently quotes banned Russian propaganda outlets and others that have been exposed for spreading disinformation in Europe but have not yet been blocked. These include REN TV, vkontakte.ru, news-front.su, ria.ru, tass.ru, sk.news-front.su, Myśl Polska, slovanskenoviny.sk, and zemavek.sk.
Their materials, republished by Slovakia.news-pravda.com, use Putin’s terminology, such as “Ukronazis,” “Kyiv regime,” and “militants of the Kyiv regime,” along with Russian narratives like “the US finances officially recognized Ukrainian terrorist organizations.”
They also promote Russian claims that “Russia is defeating Ukraine” and that “only Russia can dictate the terms of peace in Ukraine.”
Additionally, the materials, republished by Slovakia.news-pravda.com, spread fakes, such as accusing Ukraine of “an international crime” by supplying wood from the Chornobyl zone to Slovakia. They also present Russia as a peaceful nation that “is not going to continue expansion”.
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/21/69281.html
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/24/70195.html
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/18/67787.html
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/13/65979.html
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/13/65868.html
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/15/66680.html
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/eu/2025/03/14/66313.html
- https://myslpolska.info/2025/03/12/ukraina-przegrala-wojne-nie-tylko-militarnie/
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/14/66447.html
- https://slovanskenoviny.sk/drze-klamstva-europy/
- https://slovakia.news-pravda.com/world/2025/03/18/68147.html
- t.me/zemavek
Iv.dolezite.sk
Iv.dolezite.sk positions itself as an “independent, alternative media outlet,” but in reality, it promotes disinformation, pro-Kremlin narratives, and anti-Ukrainian, anti-Western propaganda.
The site frequently cites banned Russian propaganda websites and others that are still legally operating and have been proven to spread Russian propaganda, such as tass.com, rt.com, ria.ru, weltwoche.ch, pravda-en.com, and protiproud.info.
These materials portray positively the negotiations between Fico and Putin regarding Russian gas supplies to Slovakia, use official Russian terminology for the war, accuse NATO of escalating the war, and justify Russian aggression by claiming threats from the West.
Iv.dolezite.sk discredits NATO and criticizes European politicians. The site demonizes the West and its political system, while attempting to justify Russian aggression against Ukraine.
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/video-premier-fico-pricestoval-do-moskvy-na-rokovanie-s-ruskym-prezidentom-putinom
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/rusko-podniklo-najvacsi-dronovy-utok-na-kyjev-od-zaciatku-specialnej-vojenskej-operacie-rusky-velvyslanec-vo-velkej-britanii-upozornil-ze-moskva-svojimi-vojenskymi-sposobilostami-este-nezacala-konat-vaznym-sposobom
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/nato-pripravuje-europu-na-jej-vyslanie-do-vojny-proti-rusku
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/madarska-mierova-misia-frustruje-zavistlivych-europskych-politikov
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/americka-demokracia-v-praxi-bidenova-vlada-mi-zabranila-urobit-rozhovor-s-putinom-sokoval-americky-moderator-tucker-carlson
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/video-zelenskeho-ochrankara-zbili-v-newyorskom-bare-ked-opity-vyzadoval-od-americanov-aby-kricali-nacisticky-pozdrav-slava-ukrajine
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/video-sergej-lavrov-oznacil-americku-totalitu-za-najcistejsiu-podobu-totalitneho-rezimu
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/ruske-vitazstvo-na-ukrajine-bude-prinosom-pre-cely-svet
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/americky-plukovnik-douglas-macgregor-ukrajina-ma-katastrofalni-ztraty-uderte-na-rusko-jadernymi-zbranemi-vola-kyjev
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/korporatne-media-pred-uskutocnenim-summitu-eu-informuju-ze-rusko-utocilo-na-civilistov-ubytovanych-v-hoteli-v-meste-kryvyj-rih
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/video-lubomir-zaoralek-rozhovor-anka-zitna-marec-2025
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/boj-ruska-za-svoje-zaujmy-a-svoju-buducnost-sa-stane-inspirativnym-prikladom-pre-ostatne-staty-v-ich-usili-o-spravodlive-multipolarne-usporiadanie-sveta-prorokuje-putin-vo-svojom-novorocnom-prejave
Iv.dolezite.sk spreads blatant fakes about Ukraine allegedly preparing a “dirty bomb.”
- https://iv.dolezite.sk/article/rusko-na-zasadnuti-bezpecnostnej-rady-osn-varovalo-svet-pred-hroznou-katastrofou-ktora-potencialne-ohrozuje-celu-zem-zelenskeho-zlocinecky-rezim-v-kyjeve-planuje-pouzit-spinavu-bombu-a-jej-radioaktivnym-obsahom-kontaminovat-obrovsku-cast-uzemia-zapad
Armadnymagazin.sk
Armadnymagazin.sk is a military-oriented website with news sections. Any coverage of Ukraine and Russian aggression is presented from a pro-Russian perspective.
Armadnymagazin.sk cites banned Russian websites in Europe and well-known fake experts and pro-Kremlin propagandists, such as Scott Ritter, and Kremlin ideologist and propagandist Alexander Dugin.
- https://admin.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/02/08/scott-ritter-ako-cecensky-zazrak-odstartoval-rusku-cestu-vykupenia/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/09/25/historia-sa-opakuje-zapad-posiela-na-ukrajinu-dalsieho-lenina-aby-zvrhol-zelenskeho/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/11/17/dalsi-mohutny-raketovy-uder-na-bunker-zelenskeho-v-kyjeve/
- https://admin.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/03/12/spojene-kralovstvo-obsadi-odesu-v-lete-dve-divizie-su-oficialne-pripravene/
Armadnymagazin.sk criticizes the West and downplays Ukraine. For example, it quotes Maria Zakharova, the Director of the Information and Press Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry, saying that the failed “Majdan” in Serbia is an attempt by the West to control another country.
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2025/03/05/odkryty-pupok-zeme-sa-vydava-na-vojnovu-drahu/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2023/12/30/72196/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2025/03/05/102634/
Armadnymagazin.sk also uses Kremlin-style phrases about Ukraine and the Russia-Ukraine war, like “Special Military Operation” and “the Nazi regime in Kiev.”
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2025/02/24/rusky-vojak-priviedol-usa-k-rokovaciemu-stolu-tretie-vyrocie-specialnej-vojenskej-operacie/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/12/15/macron-ako-rychlo-priletel-tak-aj-odletel-nahnevany-ze-poliaci-nechcu-zomierat-na-ukrajine/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/10/31/europa-sa-snazi-vratit-zelenskeho-spotrebny-material-ukrajincov/
- https://www.armadnymagazin.sk/2024/11/07/94930/
Dennikvv.sk
The website Dennikvv.sk claims to publish news and commentaries on both domestic and international affairs. However, in reality, its “geopolitical commentary” is often filled with Russian disinformation.
The website frequently cites banned Russian outlets in Europe, like sputnikglobe.com and rt.com. Moreover, Dennikvv.sk often references Russian propaganda sites multiple times within a single article.
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/pepe-escobar-tragedie-v-syrii-a-nova-valka-vsech-zemi/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/the-grayzone-ukrajinska-bezpecnostna-poradenska-spolocnost-molfar-bola-financovana-zlocineckou-organizaciou-usaid-aby-pachala-kyberneticke-utoky-a-viedla-psychologicke-operacie-na/
Dennikvv.sk in its materials often uses words like “special military operation,” “Crazy Zelensky,” “Bandera regime,” and “European warmongers,” which are typical of Russian propaganda.
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/komentare/americanom-sa-to-podarilo-kyjev-uz-poslusne-pritakava-prijmu-vsak-rusi-nieco-na-com-boli-uz-dvakrat-oklamani/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/video-pomateny-zelenskyj-si-mysli-ze-po-svojom-drzom-vystupeni-v-bielom-dome-ake-este-doteraz-svet-nevidel-moze-zachranit-svoj-vztah-s-usa-roztrzka-medzi-ukrajinskym-diktatorom-a-prezidentom-dona/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/video-zelenskyj-kritizoval-madarsko-za-blokovanie-zaverov-summitu-eu-o-vojenskej-pomoci-ukrajine-na-ktorej-by-sa-on-aj-so-svojimi-banderovskymi-prisluhovacmi-este-viac-nabalil/
Dennikvv.sk quotes sanctioned individuals such as Vitalij Ganchev and Aleksandr Dugin, both known for spreading Russian propaganda.
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/sef-spravy-vojenskeho-mesta-charkov-gancev-ozbrojene-sily-ukrajiny-spachali-pocas-ustupu-masove-vrazdy/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/navrh-usa-na-okamzite-30-dnove-primerie-medzi-ukrajinou-a-ruskom-prospieva-len-tym-ktori-ustupuju-akekolvek-dohody-budu-za-nasich-podmienok-nie-za-americkych-ruski-politici-novinari-analytici-a/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/putinova-geopoliticka-revolucia/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/byvaly-ukrajinsky-premier-azarov-zlocinecky-kyjevsky-rezim-vypredal-na-ukrajine-vsetko-co-mohol/
In its articles, Dennikvv.sk often blames the West and Ukraine for Russia’s aggression against Ukraine.
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/video-vojna-na-ukrajine-bola-vyprovokovana-nie-vsak-vinou-ruska-vyhlasil-trumpov-osobitny-vyslanec-pre-blizky-vychod-steve-witkoff/
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-americky-prezident-donald-trump-obvinil-ukrajinu-z-toho-ze-konflikt-s-ruskom-zacala-ona-a-ze-ho-3-roky-mala-sancu-ukoncit
- https://www.infovojna.bz/article/video-ukrajina-by-podla-prezidenta-usa-donalda-trumpa-neprezila-vo-vojne-proti-rusku-ani-keby-jej-spojene-staty-nadalej-pomahali
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/video-petr-pavek-pavel-nema-problem-s-vyprovokovanim-nicivej-jadrovej-vojny-spojencov-vyzval-aby-nespochybnovali-clenstvo-ukrajiny-v-nato-zelenskyj-vyzdvihol-zanietenu-pomoc-cesk/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/cisar-je-nahy/
- https://www.dennikvv.sk/zahranicne/zacharovova-nato-by-malo-upustit-od-slubu-ukrajine-ze-bude-clenom/
These instances show how pro-Russian and Russian media outlets attempt to distort the truth and influence Slovaks’ beliefs. In addition to advancing the Kremlin’s viewpoint and defending Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, these narratives seek to fracture the European Union, undermine public confidence in governments, inflame extreme ideologies, destroy European unity, and erode support for Ukraine.
Key features of pro-Kremlin outlets:
- Posting Russian fake news that have already been debunked.
- Sharing Russian disinformation (distorted information and manipulations on sensitive topics and events related to Ukraine and Russia’s war).
- Translating or quoting pieces from sanctioned Russian propaganda platforms (Ria.ru, RT.com, Sputnik, News-Front.su)
- Justifying Russia’s war, blaming the EU, NATO, the US, and Ukraine for the war instead.
- Using Putin’s terminology (SVO, Kyiv regime, Ukrainian Nazis, Zelenskyy illegitimate, Ukrainian Wehrmacht).
Main narratives revealed in pro-Kremlin publications:
- Biased, one-sided pieces with only the Russian claims highlighted.
- Demonization of the West (vilify its leadership, stigmatize, demonize, and blame the EU, NATO, and the US for the war and all troubles).
- Support of the narrative about a decay of the West, the claim about its fall, and a new multipolar world order.
- Ukrainophobic articles, selectively negative content about Ukraine and Ukrainians, including refugees.
- Pro-Russian narratives (Ukraine is losing, Russia cannot be defeated)
- Demand to stop supporting Ukraine, accusations of the European leaders of being warmongers.
- Criticism of sanctions and claims that sanctions are harming the EU itself.
- Support for right-wing radical and eurosceptic actors.
- Anti-Western global conspiracy theories in which Russia is portrayed as a defender of traditional values.
According to SimilarWeb traffic data, the majority of Slovaks trust news websites that are objective, reputable, and reliable and that are at the top of the media sector. Nonetheless, Russian narrative spreaders rank among Slovakia’s top ten most visited websites, highlighting the persistent significance of Russian propaganda. The market share and traffic of other biased websites that we found in our analysis are minimal.
Hlavnespravy has 4.6% of the online media marketing share in Slovakia, and Infovojna 3.8%, despite the fact it moved to another domain zone due to the ban.
Hlavnespravy and Infovojna generate a combined nearly 77% of monthly views among pro-Kremlin outlets in Slovakia. Hlavnydennik comes third with 12.8%.
The second part of this research will analyze the remaining nine websites from the identified list of online outlets in Slovakia that disseminate pro-Russian narratives and disinformation.